Need: You want to look and sound the best whenever and wherever you are connecting with others, conferencing, or giving a broadcasted presentation. Solution: On-the-go users may be in an open space and require some privacy for their conversation.
They may be working from their PC when there are limited conference rooms. And what if… You want to move from one space to another You need great quality video to project a professional appearance? You could be a mobile or remote worker as well. Need: You need an optimal visual experience that allows you to see and present content and each other.
You may or may not be in an office, but still need to look and sound their best when interviewing. Solution: High-quality video is achieved with a webcam. In an office environment, a conference phone should also be included.
Office workers want to see the reactions of others in real time when they present. By focusing on the importance of the research and the costs of fraud, some participants may feel less inclined to submit duplicates or falsify results. Bauermeister et al. Unfortunately, we noticed irregularities during data collection.
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Legally, this behavior constitutes fraud. As public health practitioners, we strive to collect quality and robust data through research that will inform smoking prevention and sex education programs for young women.
False data diminishes our ability and actually harms the population that we seek to help through science and social services. We hope that similar events will not occur in future efforts. It is only through the honesty, integrity, and willingness of participants that we can help to contribute to the health of our communities.
If you are receiving this message, you will not receive an incentive; however, if you think that this e-mail is a mistake, please feel free to call us during regular business hours. However, lowering incentive may also lower participation rates. This mechanism can also give researchers time to review and identify fraudulent participants before sending out compensation.
Researchers can also monitor whether multiple gift certificates are being sent to one location. Providing compensation at follow-up portions of a study rather, or proportionally more, than at baseline may increase response and retention rates, and delayed gratification of compensation may also de-incentivize people from answering a survey multiple times.
As discussed below, empirical research is needed to examine the potential effectiveness of these approaches. Including Interview Researchers can include an interview component to the study via online written, audio, or video chat Such interviews provide another possible means to deter or detect lying, but may also deter eligible individuals from participating, as anonymity may be less pronounced.
However, such a database can potentially be useful. Such a warning could powerfully deter fraudulent behavior, but may frighten eligible participants, who may wonder whether researchers may extend government reporting to include other illicit activities Further scholarly discussion and debate is needed to determine what behaviors, if any, might warrant such action Certificates of confidentiality CoCs from the National Institutes of Health NIH are intended to help investigators protect data from involuntary disclosure if subpoenaed by a court.
Yet the potential usefulness and limitations of CoCs remain unclear since very few have been challenged in court. This certificate does not cover voluntary or intentional disclosure of information by researchers — Cross-Cutting Ethical Concerns Clearly, ethical considerations arise with each of these approaches. These methods differ in the ethical and logistical issues and the specific nature and degree of tradeoffs they present.
Yet across individual strategies, researchers and IRBs confront tensions of how to weigh risks and benefits of each approach — how to include in a study means of checking the validity of subjects and their responses without deterring legitimate subjects from participating.
Two underlying ethical principles conflict here: maximizing the scientific and social benefits of research vs. It is possible that these two goals cannot both be wholly met simultaneously. However, an optimum balance may be possible to achieve. Difficult ethical questions emerge, however, as to whether researchers need to disclose to participants all methods the researchers will use to detect and prevent fraud Yet, for the reasons discussed above, these disclosures may threaten, too, to decrease the scientific and social benefit of the study.
Hence, it appears that these competing pros and cons can best be balanced via an intermediary approach: disclosing the fact that certain measures will be taken, without divulging the details involved At the same time, since risks in any study should be minimized, security protections, such as use of firewalls and encryption of data, are essential. Discussion Given the increased possibility of fraud in Internet research, strategies in the form of detection and prevention of such duplicate and fake responses are increasingly crucial, yet also pose challenges.
Researchers conducting online studies face difficult questions and tradeoffs in seeking to prevent duplicate and fraudulent participation while maintaining and encouraging recruitment of valid subjects.
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Investigators have several possible means of detecting and preventing such ineligible responses — including requesting specific personal information in the study or examining outside sources such as Facebook, Google Earth or whitepages.
For each study, researchers must decide the strategy that will be useful for preventing research fraud, what information about subjects to request, how to convey these methods and information in the consent form, and to what extent these strategies may have undesired consequences in deterring eligible subjects.
When researchers publish articles reporting data from their studies, they should include information on how much and in what ways they compensated participants for online studies, methods used for detecting and preventing fraud, and the success of these efforts — This information will increase understanding of the phenomenon of fraudulent participants, provide a better overview of the study, and ensure data quality.
Adverse events per se involve harm to subjects, and research integrity problems generally concern misconduct of investigators.
Clear criteria defining fraudulent behavior that would warrant such action would be imperative. IRBs need to be flexible concerning detection and prevention of fraudulent behavior. However, IRBs are not designed, either in practice or by statute, to protect researchers, but to protect research subjects. Kraut et al. Researchers and IRBs will need to choose specific strategies for detecting and preventing fraud in individual studies in order to optimally balance protecting both research integrity and subjects.
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Investigators can examine how participants perceive the methods outlined here Research could examine, for instance, whether appropriate potential subjects would feel less inclined to participate in studies that used each of the methods mentioned here, and if so, how much so.
As the Internet continues to evolve along with online research, so, too, should efforts to detect, prevent, and respond to fraud that may occur. Future research and discussions in this area, and reports on evolving patterns of duplication and fraud, are critical in the growing field of online research.
Acknowledgments The impetus for this article was an expert meeting about Internet research methods in which all of the authors, with the exception of Jennifer Teitcher, participated. Bockting, Ph. Remien, Ph. Teitcher received her